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Above is practical result of Transport Bandwidth Change impact and its difficult to isolate throgh OSS KPIs , It needs GTP analysis along with field testing  1. Site was already congested and >95% Radio Capacity was used  2. By Changing Transport BW from 200Mbps to 400Mbps site comsumes more 20% traffic with 110% Radio capacity used and better performance . 3. There is no impact seen in OSS KPIs but field test shows >85% throghput degradation. 4. Packet loss and Latency was all across reason for user experiance degradation. 5. One Major thumb rule that i came across that                            Transport BW  > (Sum of Cell throughput of site ) * 118% What is GTP  and GTP Loss ? 1. GPRS Tunneling protocol is an important IP based protocol used in GSM, UMTS and LTE core networks. It is used to encapsulate user data when passing through core network and also carries bearer specific signali...

We are not operating on single RAT!!!!!!! Invitation of IMD[ intermodulation distortion] When multiple air interface technologies coexist, mutual interference will inevitably occur between different working frequency bands (for the same device, we call this interference “self-interference (SI)”) As a typical heterogeneous network, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system must be compatible with existing technologies (such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE)) and support multiple types of 5G New Radio (5G NR) so SI will came in picture everywhere  As device is same and its competible for multi RAT then it creates Harmonics as a result of SI Even/Odd Harmonics  Intermodulation (IM) or intermodulation distortion (IMD) is the amplitude modulation of signals containing two or more different frequencies, caused by nonlinearities or time variance in a system. The intermodulation between frequency components will form additional components at frequencies that are not just at har...

  Hello readers many of us will be wandring and might be struggling to take decission for which LTE technology and MIMO you should prefer fo capacity  In earlier blog  https://mytelcolearning.blogspot.com/2022/04/basics-of-capacity-planning-in-lte-dont.html i had described basic of capacity planning guideline  As PDSCH is the main resource used for >94% data uses by any means in downlink Total Data Volume[100%] = DL[>94%] +UL [<6%] So lets have a view on above resource distribution details along with Channel Bandwidth and MIMO One Major Takaway in terms of PDSCH availability 15MHz 4x4 TDD will have same capacity as 10MHz 2x2FDD

Importance of Simplified RU A simplified RU because only the RF functions remain at the remote site. This small RU costs less, uses less power, and more easily fits on a tower. Operators can perform most network upgrades at the CU, requiring fewer site visits. The simplified RU can handle multiple Radio Access Technologies (RAT) further reducing the footprint of the remote mast, which must support multiple cellular generations There are 2 types of protocol used for fronthaul between RE/eRE to REC/eRCE these protocols are CPRI and eCPRI The Purpose of development of CPRI and eCPRI is as follows.  Radio BSs should offer flexibility during deployment to MNOs( mobile network operators). This is achieved by simplifying BS architecture by dividing radio BS functionality into two modules viz. eREC and eRE. Both parts may be physically separated where in eRE is kept close to RF antenna where as eREC kept at a distant end. Both are connected via a transport network. The eREC contains part o...

  Below  are basics of capacity planning  1. Thumb rule of input is cell throughput or user throughput that derived from below testing . 1.1    How many concurrent users 1.2    What are services we are offering to those concurrent users and what are Min Bit Rate [ UL/DL ] 1.2.1          How many users uses voice-  1.2.2          How many users uses Video 1.2.3          How many users uses Data/OTT 1.2.4          How many users uses Mobile TV 1.2.5          How many users uses TV [ SD & HD ] 1.  2.  How many hours are considered as busy hours out of 24 hours  2.3.  What is data Uses Per Hour DL_MB [ Convert All services into MB 1.2.1 + 1.2.2+1.2.3+1.2.4+1.2.5 ] 4  4.  What is UL Data Volume Per Hour...

LMS Insight Layer Management Parameter Optimization is important aspect & it is triggered when all possible optimization techniques for ensuring best experience to customers is exhausted in the current layer For Example in a typical 3 Layered cellular network, we have LTE layer (with a mix of TDD(2.5GHz) and FDD(1.8GHz)), followed by WDCMA Layer (WCDMA2100) & then the GSM layer (1800 MHz Before actually working on Layer Management Parameter Optimization, we need to ensure Traffic Balancing within the layers is proper & as per recommendations to give desired customer experience Pre-requisite Actions Ensure below checks before moving to optimize the Layer Management Thresholds for a cell. Traffic balancing within layers should be optimal -  if network has 2 layers of LTE i.e. both TDD-20 MHz & FDD-5 MHz, Traffic distribution for collocated cells with TDD/FDD should be 75:25 (TDD: FDD) or better. This is applicable to networks with 2 carriers of WCDMA as well where the...

Dear readers you might be wandering for what can be impact while doing changes in MIMO from 2x2 to 4x4 and vice versa  Above table is very easy to understand that how MIMO chaging performance life of cell  All cells Kept for 14 days in their different MIMO scenario and above table prepared in practical scenario  In above table TDD MIMO gain is far-far better than FDD so dont assume higher MIMO will give good gain in FDD  TDD is very well performed after 2x2 to 4x4 conversion where as FDD has some gain in Data Payload as Power /Port increased so Cell radious increased that result more subscriber and subcequent impact in payload , throughput and CQI Below is result of 15MHz TDD L2300 Carrier MIMO change from 2x2 to 4x4  Cells kept for >2WK for observation in 2x2 and 4x4 vice versa . 1. With increased capacity by 70% 2. Payload increased by 41% 3. DL User Throughout increased by 130%  4. UL User Throughout increased by 145% 5. CQI improved by 40% 

  Telecom industry has evolve a lot in last 10 years . Open RAN is a shift from OEM centric telecom network to Operator Centric Telecom Network  Monopoly of traditional telecom equipment’s like Nokia/ Ericsson / Samsung /ZTE / Huawei will not more exist [ Earlier who make telecom equipment also makes its software] Open RAN offers verity of options and openness that nontraditional telecom equipment/software companies are taking interest and performing better than traditional OEMs. We can identify that there are major 3 step evolution from traditional RAN to Open RAN when we talk about RAN evolution of 4G/5G specially. We can operate legacy technology 2g/3g with 4g/5g in open RAN concept . Above image is almost self-explanatory with major changes, so if you see it multiple times you will have multiple smile on your face  So Open RAN is a concept that says interfaces are nonproprietary, its open  [  Don’t confuse with O-RAN , O-RAN is an alliance and Open RAN is co...

A key part of the 5G NR system relates to the use of Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). The term “Massive MIMO” relates to an antenna array system using a “Massive” amount of antenna elements that can serve multiple users simultaneously. Typically, the number of antenna elements is 128 or 256. How MIMO can compansate issue in 5G Fr So BW is more in 5G for mmWave , so by increasing mimo loss of penetration can be compansated and mimo increment possible in higher frequency as antenna length became smaller From above formula its clear that Prx is directly proportional to Square of wavelength and Gain of receiver and transmiter . How MIMO Can increase capacity From above shannon hartly theorem there are 3 component can impact Capacity  Increase Channels (MIMO):-Utilizing SM (Spatial Multiplexing) enables multiple streams within the same RB (Resource Block). System requires CSI (Channel State Information) Increase Bandwidth:-Existing frequency spectrum is already sat...

Consumers today demand ever faster wireless. Although wireless engineers have multiple tricks up their sleeves to meet this demand, they can achieve  only so much. To deliver the gigs customers crave, more spectrum is required V band (60 GHz) and E band (70/80 GHz) are open to all , with abundant spectrum available to deliver on the promises of 5G. Good news for india is that probably with 5G spctrum allocation E-Band will be alloted to 5G spectrum buyers along with 3.5GHz or 26GHz spectrum for backhaul of 5G Radios  The 60 GHz V band, which is unlicensed, has 14 GHz of contiguous spectrum (57 GHz to 71 GHz). The 70/80 GHz paired E band adds another 10 GHz of spectrum for a total of 24 GHz. These V and E bands are open to everyone, and equipment for them is available today from a rich ecosystem of suppliers. Below are some statistic from IMT-2020  During past 10 years microwave BH evolution describe below points  1. MW capacity needs for Mobile  Operators increa...

Hello readers there are multiple questions about 5G/NR future in india as trials are only carried out by all major 3 operators  with help of Major 3 OEMs  Ericsson , Nokia & Samsung with restriction of 30 eNB per scenario[Urban , Rural , Semi Urban] in a PLMN  Below is some basics of measurement difference Jio is doing trails with indegenious system so they have adavantage of doing trials on 300 eNB per scenario in PLMN as per letter of Ministry of communication and they are doing trials . So one question is genuine that which 5G/NR options will be adopted by all 3 operators of india and answer is very simple and its Option3x . As still out of 3 , 2 operators are not willing to loose 2G customer and hence  there is no way of thinking of loosing 4G customer by deploying Option2 is  5G/NR SA  with additional massive investment . I will not go into details  but overview is that Option3x is future of 5G/NR in india  Option3x has advantage that wit...

Dear readers as per above snap its easy to say PCI confusion and Collision coming under PCI conflict and reaspective reasons that mentioned in snap . Each 5G/4G cell corresponds to a Physical Cell ID (PCI) and it is used to distinguish cells on the radio side. The PCI planning for 5G NR is very much similar to PCI planning for LTE and scrambling code planning for 3G UMTS. Bad or wrong planning can affect the synchronization procedure , demodulation, and handover signalling and degrade the network performs. PCI Planning should be simpler for NR compare to LTE because there are double as many PCIs available for allocation While Planning PCI , below things need to follow strictly  1. Nbr cell should not have same position of PSS  2. Nbr Cell can use same SSS position  3. Intra Cells of an eNB should not have same PCI in same carrier  As PCI is derived from PSS and SSS so there should not be same position of PSS &SSS combination of cells on their different Antenna Po...

 TA/TAL Planning Principle The TAC or TAL planning for 5G is similar to 4G. Infact, as the current 5G NR will be using the NSA mode, so initially it should be using the same TAC or TAL as the 4G network. However, the principles for TAC planning are same as given below The paging load should be calculated to ensure that the TAC is not so big that the paging overhead gets too high. This issue is usually mitigated with the intelligent/dynamic/precise paging features If the TAC is too small, this will result in a lot of TAUs that can generate signaling overheads. This can be handled by intelligent TAL planning or even user specific dynamic TAL assignments Some of thumb ruple w.r.t absolute counts  1. When do TA/TAL planning, need guarantee the TAs do not overlap in different TAL. 2. Suggested TA size do not keep too big, so when do TAL optimization , configuration adjusting is flexible ; 3. Suggested a TA including 30~70 eNBs, and TAL including 3~10 TAL; 4. If operator have 2G/3G ...

  Above stats of variation of CQI vs utilization and traffic is self explanatory that yes CQI will get detoriated with increase inpayload as well as PRB utilization >60% Utilization is critical as latency increases exponentially along with almost 3% degradation in cqi with 1% increase in utlization 

Above ref:- Satellite Communication system by GERAND MARAL|MICHEL BOUSQUET|ZHILI SUN There are basic 5 building blocks for satellite internet shown in image. Satellite internet is wireless internet beamed down from satellites orbiting the Earth. It’s a lot different from land-based internet services like cable or DSL, which transmit data through wires. Since it’s the only internet service that’s available nationwide, satellite internet is often the only way to get online for many rural homes and businesses, although it does still come with a few disadvantages like live gaming or services which require less latency . Satellite comminication main moto to make signal available at each and every point of earth. There are 3 types of satellite  I am assuming that how a satellite can cover earth area depending upon its height from earth , means higher the atltitude possibility of covering earth from lesser no of satellites and lower the altitude higer no of satellite required to cover ea...